Wednesday, 26 July 2023

The Cold War

 
HMS Mounts Bay pushes through pack ice towards the cruiser HMS Ceylon who is waiting to transfer ammunition and provisions off the west coast of Korea in 1952
 
 
The Royal Navy has been operating in cold climates for hundreds of years and most vessels in An Independent Navy For An Independent Nation shall operate throughout the United Kingdom,the British Overseas Territories and the Crown Dependencies (except the British Antarctic Territory) and shall be built to Lloyds Register notation Winterisation H,M,C to withstand extremes of temperature which they are likely to encounter in areas ranging from the Shetland Islands down to South Georgia,vessels expected to operate in the low Arctic seas from Canada to Finland shall be built to Lloyds Register notation Winterisation H,M,B and the Assistance class icebreaking tugs which shall operate in the high Arctic ice pack and around Antarctica shall be built to Lloyds Register notation Winterisation H,M,A.
 

Tuesday, 11 July 2023

Going Ballistic

 
HMS Vanguard firing her eight 15 inch guns off Malta photographed by a Supermarine Sea Otter from HMS Falcon on the 16th of May 1949
 
 
There are two kinds of people in this world,those who think small calibre,rapid firing guns are more effective than large calibre guns and those who have studied ballistics; until the twentieth century guns were the dominant naval weapon but since the ascendance of mines,torpedoes,aircraft and missiles interest in naval gunnery has declined,leading to a lack of knowledge of ballistics in naval circles and herein we shall look at two examples of this.
 
One of the Fleet Flagship Her Majestys Ship Albions Heavy Machine Guns being used against a static target on the 27th of March 2019
 
 
A recent article by NAVYLOOKOUT claimed that the elderly .50 Browning Machine Gun cartridge "is one of the few rifle cartridges that can boast a ballistic coefficient of 1.0" (the undefined coefficient is G1),which is technically true as there are high ballistic coefficient bullets available for that cartridge but their increased length and weight reduces muzzle velocity resulting in inferior performance at typical combat ranges but superior performance in the extreme long range target shooting competitions for which they are designed,which is why most military projectiles have a far lower ballistic coefficient but higher muzzle velocity resulting in external ballistics inferior to those of the Three Eights Inch Machine Gun proposed herein,which shall also be lighter and faster firing than the Browning Machine Gun.
 
HMS Plymouth and HMS Yarmouth bombarding Argentine positions on Brown Mountain during the assault on South Georgia on the 25th of April 1982
 
 
The Navy Matters blog recently published an article titled "Naval Gun Accuracy" which appears to be about precision rather than accuracy and which states "We have to be down around 0.1 deg or less deviation to hit our predicted intercept point close enough to be effective" but then goes on to say "my estimate is that deviations of 0.5-5 degrees are normal",an overestimate of between one and two orders of magnitude (the precision of modern small arms is well documented thanks to hundreds of millions of target shooters and the precision of modern artillery is being demonstrated every day in Ukraine),one manufacturer claims a probable error in azimuth of plus or minus ten metres at a range of twenty thousand metres and given that a modern 155mm shell generates a lethal area approaching the size of a football pitch that implies a high probability of a one shot kill against static infantry in the open and is consistent with the performance of naval gunfire in the Falklands War where "Such was the accuracy of NGS that specific targets could be accurately engaged, including a radar aerial that was ‘toppled from it's plinth’ by HMS Glasgow.....It was quite accurate. In some cases, it was too accurate. They had to employ a spreading fire to make it less accurate because it was all coming down in the same place.....it was gauged that during Operation Corporate, a barrage of twenty-five rounds of 4.5” NGS would be dispersed within an area that was smaller than a tennis court".
 
The Babcock Arrowhead 140 on which the Type 31 frigate is based
 
 
The article also claims that "if we fire enough shells toward the predicted intercept point, one or some of them will, statistically, wind up being close enough to be effective. This argues for smaller caliber projectiles that can be fired quickly and in large numbers." but a missile flying at twice the speed of sound moves over two hundred yards in the time it takes a 57mm Bofors Mark 3 gun to fire a single shot and thus the firing of each round is a discrete event and since a smaller calibre projectile has a lower sectional density for any given form factor it decelerates more quickly,takes longer to cover any distance and consequently suffers more drop due to gravity requiring a higher trajectory with a longer flight path and longer time of flight,allowing the target more time to manoeuvre away from the point of detonation,a problem exacerbated by the smaller effective radius of the smaller shell,resulting in a lower kill probability,thus the conclusion that "if we’re trying to shoot down an anti-ship missile, we need small, light, very rapid fire guns" is the very opposite of the truth.
 

Wednesday, 5 July 2023

The Good That Men Do Is Oft Interred With Their Bones

 
General Sir Patrick Nicholas Yardley Monrad Sanders the Chief of the General Staff at Army Foundation College Harrogate on the 11th of August 2022
 
 
In stark contrast to his predecessors,General Sir Patrick Nicholas Yardley Monrad Sanders' time as the Chief of the General Staff of the British Army has been a litany failure: failure to radically disorganise the army; failure to make it smaller but leaner and more agile; failure to waste thousands of millions of pounds on ill conceived and poorly executed procurement projects; failure to achieve a humiliating defeat at the hands of Third World peasants; and failure to speak using only buzzwords and acronyms (although he did once use the word "gift" as a verb,which is unforgiveable),all of which might explain rumours that he is to be replaced by someone more "suitable".